Relationship between China-Japan, China-Australia and...

In this section I will be detailing and comparing the relationships between China-Japan, China-Australia, and China-Venezuela. I am first going to start with the relationship between China and Japan. I will begin with the time frame between the years of 1949-1969. During this time, China sees Japan as a threat, which is not surprising because of Japan’s assault against China in the 1890s to 1920s, Japans brutal occupation of China in the 1930s and 1940s and Japan’s role in America’s containment strategy against China. China counters Japan by forming a military alliance with the Soviet Union in 1950. This alliance was indirectly directed at the United States but primarily directed against Japan. China tried to encourage Japan to have better relations by playing upon Japanese war guilt and issues of Japanese behavior in the 1930s and ‘40s. This didn’t work in the political dimension of the relationship. China felt that better relations with Japan would be useful, both politically and economically. But Japan would not normalize relations because of its close relationship with the United States and the nationalists. On the economic front, things were different, as trade started to grow. The countries are so close to one another that it made sense. Meanwhile, Japan is still recovering from the war, but is recovering rapidly and becomes an important potential partner for China. In the 1960s the forming of a trade relationship began. The two countries assign some memorandums ofShow MoreRelatedCase Study Questions On Business Communication1722 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst time; Express your disagreements in appropriate ways; Have dinner with your clients. From theory to practice, Hofstede’ s model and Hall’s model applied in this report to help our employees make a deeper understanding of cultural differences between Australian and Chinese workplace. If there is anything further I can do to help, please do not hesitate to contact me. Best Regard, Lin Ke Lin Ke International group ABCD Corporation Tel: +61 (0)4 22252680 Email: LinKe@ahcd.com.au Read MoreThe Great Powers Of The United States1682 Words   |  7 Pagesand militarily dominant, were the victors of WWII: U.S, Great Britain, Russia, France and China. The rest of the world fell into the category of small power, with little influence in shaping the international system. As Germany and Japan recovered from their devastating defeats in the Second World War, they fought their way back into the classification of great powers. Although this North-South relationship was well known - rhetoric on the subject dates back to the turn of the century- the rise ofRead MoreInternational Human Resource Management Practices1645 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferences between countries in terms of their cultures and institutions on international Human Resource Management within multinational companies (MNCs). The study of culture will focuses on two perspectives by Geert Hofstede and Fons Trompenaars. The next discussion is about the requirement to develop international managers in MNCs. 2 Differences between countries in terms of their cultures and institutions The first issue that we are going to discuss is about the differences between countriesRead MoreGreet Hofstede`S Dimensions Essay1010 Words   |  5 Pagesauthority. They treat each other equal; no matter you are a worker or a boss. Another example I can give example again from USA. Here, President Obama can freely walk on streets talk with ordinary people, give them autographs etc. France, Russia, China, Turkey are high power distance countries and most Eastern countries and Muslim countries are high power distance countries. Individualism and collectivism. In individualistic cultures people focus on their individual goals. Everyone looks afterRead MoreCultural Management Issues in the Tourism Industry3782 Words   |  15 Pagestours can attract American ecological tourists to travel to countries such as our current target, China. We are a culturally eclectic group of advisors specialising in all aspects of tourism. Cultural sensitivity is not only our watchword, but our bottom line. Please do not feel overwhelmed by all of this information. Some of you may feel as though you are back in college. Rest assured, the difference between profit and bankruptcy in our business is the ability to sell in that persons culture. PeopleRead MoreValue Chain Analysis : Toyota Motor Corporation Essay2618 Words   |  11 PagesValue Chain Analysis Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC) is a Japan based motor vehicle and sales company. The company was founded in 1937 and from there has blossomed into a global empire. As of March 31, 2014 the company boasted over 330,000 employees. TMC vehicles are sold in Canada, U.S.A, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Venezuela, Europe, South Africa, China, Taiwan, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, and Australia. TMC mission states â€Å"Toyota will lead the way to the futureRead MoreLion Nathan Swot Analysis1881 Words   |  8 PagesMGMT 245 Cultural Dimensions of International Business SWOT Analysis 4/30/07 Introduction- This SWOT analysis is regarding Lion Nathan China Brewing Company and their competitive advantage in their business. The major issue in this case is analyzing the company s background and reasons for expanding into China while trying to forecast an appropriate managerial decision regarding the company s future. There are many sources of information we can use to inform us of the past decisions madeRead More Hugo Chavez: Love Him or Loathe Him? Essay4572 Words   |  19 Pagesreally believe he is so dangerous in the eyes of the United States that he would be viewed as a candidate for extermination? Hugo Chavez is the duly elected leader of a relatively small country on the northern coast of South America called Venezuela. It is a nation whose regional stature has, in the last twenty years, grown in influence in total disproportion to its size. The reason for Venezuelas increasing political clout is simple. It is the owner of vast reservoirs of liquid gold. ItRead MoreU.S. Import Export Analysis2253 Words   |  10 PagesIt also presents the leading U.S. imports and exports in terms of value along with the important partners. Design/methodology/approach- The author explains the balance of trade including the rise and fall of U.S. trade deficit using the analysis between different countries imports and exports. Research limitations/implications- The study is limited to analysis of imports, exports, trade surplus and deficit of U.S. trading. Originality/value- This paper will help to build up the understanding aboutRead MoreCharismatic Leadership : A Charismatic Leader1603 Words   |  7 Pagescharismatic leaders sacrifice themselves as they are willing to put up with hardship to defend their beliefs and achieve their vision (Nahavandi, 2015). Characteristics of the followers Given that a charismatic leadership results from a relationship between a leader and followers, these followers have certain characteristics (Nahavandi, 2015). Below are some of these follower characteristics. 1. Intense emotional bond 2. High degree of respect affection, and esteem for the leader 3.

Relationship between China-Japan, China-Australia and...

In this section I will be detailing and comparing the relationships between China-Japan, China-Australia, and China-Venezuela. I am first going to start with the relationship between China and Japan. I will begin with the time frame between the years of 1949-1969. During this time, China sees Japan as a threat, which is not surprising because of Japan’s assault against China in the 1890s to 1920s, Japans brutal occupation of China in the 1930s and 1940s and Japan’s role in America’s containment strategy against China. China counters Japan by forming a military alliance with the Soviet Union in 1950. This alliance was indirectly directed at the United States but primarily directed against Japan. China tried to encourage Japan to have better relations by playing upon Japanese war guilt and issues of Japanese behavior in the 1930s and ‘40s. This didn’t work in the political dimension of the relationship. China felt that better relations with Japan would be useful, both politically and economically. But Japan would not normalize relations because of its close relationship with the United States and the nationalists. On the economic front, things were different, as trade started to grow. The countries are so close to one another that it made sense. Meanwhile, Japan is still recovering from the war, but is recovering rapidly and becomes an important potential partner for China. In the 1960s the forming of a trade relationship began. The two countries assign some memorandums ofShow MoreRelatedCase Study Questions On Business Communication1722 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst time; Express your disagreements in appropriate ways; Have dinner with your clients. From theory to practice, Hofstede’ s model and Hall’s model applied in this report to help our employees make a deeper understanding of cultural differences between Australian and Chinese workplace. If there is anything further I can do to help, please do not hesitate to contact me. Best Regard, Lin Ke Lin Ke International group ABCD Corporation Tel: +61 (0)4 22252680 Email: LinKe@ahcd.com.au Read MoreThe Great Powers Of The United States1682 Words   |  7 Pagesand militarily dominant, were the victors of WWII: U.S, Great Britain, Russia, France and China. The rest of the world fell into the category of small power, with little influence in shaping the international system. As Germany and Japan recovered from their devastating defeats in the Second World War, they fought their way back into the classification of great powers. Although this North-South relationship was well known - rhetoric on the subject dates back to the turn of the century- the rise ofRead MoreInternational Human Resource Management Practices1645 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferences between countries in terms of their cultures and institutions on international Human Resource Management within multinational companies (MNCs). The study of culture will focuses on two perspectives by Geert Hofstede and Fons Trompenaars. The next discussion is about the requirement to develop international managers in MNCs. 2 Differences between countries in terms of their cultures and institutions The first issue that we are going to discuss is about the differences between countriesRead MoreGreet Hofstede`S Dimensions Essay1010 Words   |  5 Pagesauthority. They treat each other equal; no matter you are a worker or a boss. Another example I can give example again from USA. Here, President Obama can freely walk on streets talk with ordinary people, give them autographs etc. France, Russia, China, Turkey are high power distance countries and most Eastern countries and Muslim countries are high power distance countries. Individualism and collectivism. In individualistic cultures people focus on their individual goals. Everyone looks afterRead MoreCultural Management Issues in the Tourism Industry3782 Words   |  15 Pagestours can attract American ecological tourists to travel to countries such as our current target, China. We are a culturally eclectic group of advisors specialising in all aspects of tourism. Cultural sensitivity is not only our watchword, but our bottom line. Please do not feel overwhelmed by all of this information. Some of you may feel as though you are back in college. Rest assured, the difference between profit and bankruptcy in our business is the ability to sell in that persons culture. PeopleRead MoreValue Chain Analysis : Toyota Motor Corporation Essay2618 Words   |  11 PagesValue Chain Analysis Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC) is a Japan based motor vehicle and sales company. The company was founded in 1937 and from there has blossomed into a global empire. As of March 31, 2014 the company boasted over 330,000 employees. TMC vehicles are sold in Canada, U.S.A, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Venezuela, Europe, South Africa, China, Taiwan, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, and Australia. TMC mission states â€Å"Toyota will lead the way to the futureRead MoreLion Nathan Swot Analysis1881 Words   |  8 PagesMGMT 245 Cultural Dimensions of International Business SWOT Analysis 4/30/07 Introduction- This SWOT analysis is regarding Lion Nathan China Brewing Company and their competitive advantage in their business. The major issue in this case is analyzing the company s background and reasons for expanding into China while trying to forecast an appropriate managerial decision regarding the company s future. There are many sources of information we can use to inform us of the past decisions madeRead More Hugo Chavez: Love Him or Loathe Him? Essay4572 Words   |  19 Pagesreally believe he is so dangerous in the eyes of the United States that he would be viewed as a candidate for extermination? Hugo Chavez is the duly elected leader of a relatively small country on the northern coast of South America called Venezuela. It is a nation whose regional stature has, in the last twenty years, grown in influence in total disproportion to its size. The reason for Venezuelas increasing political clout is simple. It is the owner of vast reservoirs of liquid gold. ItRead MoreU.S. Import Export Analysis2253 Words   |  10 PagesIt also presents the leading U.S. imports and exports in terms of value along with the important partners. Design/methodology/approach- The author explains the balance of trade including the rise and fall of U.S. trade deficit using the analysis between different countries imports and exports. Research limitations/implications- The study is limited to analysis of imports, exports, trade surplus and deficit of U.S. trading. Originality/value- This paper will help to build up the understanding aboutRead MoreCharismatic Leadership : A Charismatic Leader1603 Words   |  7 Pagescharismatic leaders sacrifice themselves as they are willing to put up with hardship to defend their beliefs and achieve their vision (Nahavandi, 2015). Characteristics of the followers Given that a charismatic leadership results from a relationship between a leader and followers, these followers have certain characteristics (Nahavandi, 2015). Below are some of these follower characteristics. 1. Intense emotional bond 2. High degree of respect affection, and esteem for the leader 3.

Relationship between China-Japan, China-Australia and...

In this section I will be detailing and comparing the relationships between China-Japan, China-Australia, and China-Venezuela. I am first going to start with the relationship between China and Japan. I will begin with the time frame between the years of 1949-1969. During this time, China sees Japan as a threat, which is not surprising because of Japan’s assault against China in the 1890s to 1920s, Japans brutal occupation of China in the 1930s and 1940s and Japan’s role in America’s containment strategy against China. China counters Japan by forming a military alliance with the Soviet Union in 1950. This alliance was indirectly directed at the United States but primarily directed against Japan. China tried to encourage Japan to have better relations by playing upon Japanese war guilt and issues of Japanese behavior in the 1930s and ‘40s. This didn’t work in the political dimension of the relationship. China felt that better relations with Japan would be useful, both politically and economically. But Japan would not normalize relations because of its close relationship with the United States and the nationalists. On the economic front, things were different, as trade started to grow. The countries are so close to one another that it made sense. Meanwhile, Japan is still recovering from the war, but is recovering rapidly and becomes an important potential partner for China. In the 1960s the forming of a trade relationship began. The two countries assign some memorandums ofShow MoreRelatedCase Study Questions On Business Communication1722 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst time; Express your disagreements in appropriate ways; Have dinner with your clients. From theory to practice, Hofstede’ s model and Hall’s model applied in this report to help our employees make a deeper understanding of cultural differences between Australian and Chinese workplace. If there is anything further I can do to help, please do not hesitate to contact me. Best Regard, Lin Ke Lin Ke International group ABCD Corporation Tel: +61 (0)4 22252680 Email: LinKe@ahcd.com.au Read MoreThe Great Powers Of The United States1682 Words   |  7 Pagesand militarily dominant, were the victors of WWII: U.S, Great Britain, Russia, France and China. The rest of the world fell into the category of small power, with little influence in shaping the international system. As Germany and Japan recovered from their devastating defeats in the Second World War, they fought their way back into the classification of great powers. Although this North-South relationship was well known - rhetoric on the subject dates back to the turn of the century- the rise ofRead MoreInternational Human Resource Management Practices1645 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferences between countries in terms of their cultures and institutions on international Human Resource Management within multinational companies (MNCs). The study of culture will focuses on two perspectives by Geert Hofstede and Fons Trompenaars. The next discussion is about the requirement to develop international managers in MNCs. 2 Differences between countries in terms of their cultures and institutions The first issue that we are going to discuss is about the differences between countriesRead MoreGreet Hofstede`S Dimensions Essay1010 Words   |  5 Pagesauthority. They treat each other equal; no matter you are a worker or a boss. Another example I can give example again from USA. Here, President Obama can freely walk on streets talk with ordinary people, give them autographs etc. France, Russia, China, Turkey are high power distance countries and most Eastern countries and Muslim countries are high power distance countries. Individualism and collectivism. In individualistic cultures people focus on their individual goals. Everyone looks afterRead MoreCultural Management Issues in the Tourism Industry3782 Words   |  15 Pagestours can attract American ecological tourists to travel to countries such as our current target, China. We are a culturally eclectic group of advisors specialising in all aspects of tourism. Cultural sensitivity is not only our watchword, but our bottom line. Please do not feel overwhelmed by all of this information. Some of you may feel as though you are back in college. Rest assured, the difference between profit and bankruptcy in our business is the ability to sell in that persons culture. PeopleRead MoreValue Chain Analysis : Toyota Motor Corporation Essay2618 Words   |  11 PagesValue Chain Analysis Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC) is a Japan based motor vehicle and sales company. The company was founded in 1937 and from there has blossomed into a global empire. As of March 31, 2014 the company boasted over 330,000 employees. TMC vehicles are sold in Canada, U.S.A, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Venezuela, Europe, South Africa, China, Taiwan, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, and Australia. TMC mission states â€Å"Toyota will lead the way to the futureRead MoreLion Nathan Swot Analysis1881 Words   |  8 PagesMGMT 245 Cultural Dimensions of International Business SWOT Analysis 4/30/07 Introduction- This SWOT analysis is regarding Lion Nathan China Brewing Company and their competitive advantage in their business. The major issue in this case is analyzing the company s background and reasons for expanding into China while trying to forecast an appropriate managerial decision regarding the company s future. There are many sources of information we can use to inform us of the past decisions madeRead More Hugo Chavez: Love Him or Loathe Him? Essay4572 Words   |  19 Pagesreally believe he is so dangerous in the eyes of the United States that he would be viewed as a candidate for extermination? Hugo Chavez is the duly elected leader of a relatively small country on the northern coast of South America called Venezuela. It is a nation whose regional stature has, in the last twenty years, grown in influence in total disproportion to its size. The reason for Venezuelas increasing political clout is simple. It is the owner of vast reservoirs of liquid gold. ItRead MoreU.S. Import Export Analysis2253 Words   |  10 PagesIt also presents the leading U.S. imports and exports in terms of value along with the important partners. Design/methodology/approach- The author explains the balance of trade including the rise and fall of U.S. trade deficit using the analysis between different countries imports and exports. Research limitations/implications- The study is limited to analysis of imports, exports, trade surplus and deficit of U.S. trading. Originality/value- This paper will help to build up the understanding aboutRead MoreCharismatic Leadership : A Charismatic Leader1603 Words   |  7 Pagescharismatic leaders sacrifice themselves as they are willing to put up with hardship to defend their beliefs and achieve their vision (Nahavandi, 2015). Characteristics of the followers Given that a charismatic leadership results from a relationship between a leader and followers, these followers have certain characteristics (Nahavandi, 2015). Below are some of these follower characteristics. 1. Intense emotional bond 2. High degree of respect affection, and esteem for the leader 3.

The Symposium And The Bhagavad Gita Essay - 1725 Words

Paper Assignment 2 Prompt 1 When it comes to the subject of love and desire, it would seem that The Symposium and The Bhagavad Gita disagree as to whether those qualities are beneficial to achieving spirituality or detrimental. In the Symposium, Plato states that desire is part of the pathway to achieving spirituality. By contrast, the unnamed author of the Bhagavad Gita seems to state that desire is an obstacle in the pathway to achieving divinity. Their perspectives can seen through their texts that connect of love to the divine, Plato’s way of reaching divinity and the way of reaching divinity that is mentioned in the Hindu scripture of The Bhagavad Gita. Through the readings of The Bhagavad Gita and The Symposium, it is clear that love and desire seems to be a asset to fulfilling one’s divinity rather than an obstacle. An important part of the subject is that in both The Symposium and The Bhagavad Gita, love is seen as sort of a divine force. At the setting of the Symposium, Plato, through the speeches of the other great minds at the Symposium, introduces the possible concepts that Love might be a God that is one of the beautiful gods of all. However, according to Plato, love is neither a god nor human, but â€Å"He is a great spirit, Socrates. Everything classed as a spirit falls between god and human† (Plato 38). This quote is crucial to the rest of the content of The Symposium because by saying that Love falls in between the status of gods and humans, Plato is able toShow MoreRelatedThe Bhagavad Gita And The Symposium2073 Words   |  9 PagesDesire in the Bhagavad-Gita and the Symposium Concepts of love and desire cross cultures and time periods, defining human interaction and goals with its powerful force on the human mind. The line between love and desire is not always clear and people from philosophers to scientists have attempted to understand these complex emotions and how they may be right or wrong. Desire has been characterized mainly as a distraction that will hinder humans on their solitary paths to self- enlightenment, butRead MoreDesire In The Symposium1508 Words   |  7 PagesIn Plato’s The Symposium, a group of well-versed men consider philosophical arguments, specifically regarding the role desire plays in a virtuous life. As academics and philosophers who hold high rank in the social system of ancient Greece, these men are praised for their wisdom and eloquence. One such philosopher, Pausanias, gives a speech early in the text that addresses desire as a multifaceted concept, setting the tone for the novel. The Bhagavad-Gita, an ancient India n text that is much reveredRead MoreLove And Devotion : Everlasting Concepts With Innumerable Meanings1655 Words   |  7 Pageschanged; and the studying of great texts such as the Plato’s Symposium, the Book of Ruth in the Hebrew Bible, and the Bhagavad Gita have contributed to the expansion of my knowledge on such abstract topics. Love holds various meanings that vary from person to person, which is largely what is so remarkable about it. Love is an emotion, a drive, an expression; love is many things combined into one strong pull to some force. In The Symposium, love holds many interpretations by the various speakers, butRead More Siddhartha Essay: Hindu and Buddhist Thought1501 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween Siddhartha and the Bhagavad Gita, an important poetical document of the Hindu religion. Timpe maintains that Hesse was influenced largely by the Bhagavad Gita when he wrote his book and that the protagonist was groping his way along the path prescribed by the Bhagavad Gita. Hesse was indeed familiar with this important work, and a comparison between it and Siddhartha is rewarding.    As Timpe points out, the basic central problems of Siddhartha and the Gita are similar: how can theRead MoreConcepts Of Love And Desire2059 Words   |  9 Pagesbecause they are literally regarded as a disposable vessel for the real spirit which is placed in much higher standing within the world order. In the same way, â€Å"beauty of minds as more valuable than that of the body† (Plato 48) is an emphasized in the symposium. This connection to the concept of the other text where the bodies of humans and other material things are of much less value than that which is less tangible. The mind is valued for its infinite possibilities and its connection to knowledge. The

The History and Colonization of Libya and it’sIndependence Free Essays

Approximately ninety percent of Libya is roofed with desert. That desert is mostly the vast Sahara Desert; the worlds largest hot desert. Although most of the region is very barren, Libya’s northern border is a stunning coastline. We will write a custom essay sample on The History and Colonization of Libya and it’sIndependence or any similar topic only for you Order Now Its healthy, luscious fields and beautiful beaches extend along the Mediterranean Sea for approximately a thousand miles. Phoenician sailors, who are now located in the area now named Lebanon, built ports on Libya’s Mediterranean coast in Tripolitania beginning in 1300 B. C. Their vessels were constructed from cedar trees, which they used to sail across the Mediterranean transforming them into some of the greatest traders of their time. Phoenicians sailors had a different reason for establishing ports than then the usual economic gains. The reason for them establishing ports was because they wanted places along their trade route from Phoenicia to Spain where their cedar vessels could dock. Even though the Phoenicians continued doing this, they did little to take over the area. What the Phoenicians did do was establish the city of Carthage, which was in today’s Tunisia. By themselves, Carthage grew into a prosperous seaport and became an autonomous power with no help. Carthage built up a burly military force and soon Carthaginians started ruling areas like Tripolitania. Unlike the Phoenicians, the Carthaginians established numerous colonies, which they ruled with force. The Libyans disliked the Carthaginians due to the fact that the rulers stipulated that the Libyans have to give up to half of their crops each season and how the Carthaginians â€Å"sacrificed their own first-born children to their implacable gods† (Isichei 161). The Libyans found that despicable and appalling. Carthage was getting attacked by Rome and battling went on and off for more than a hundred years. Finally, Rome defeated Carthage in 146 B. C. In 146 B. C. Romans gained control over the Carthaginian Empire. The Roman Empire used Tripolitania’s coastal area as one of their main sources of grain and other provisions. The Greeks ruled Cyrenaica but it soon fell under Roman rule. The Greek stronghold was in Cyrenaica. Greek explorers and warriors constantly explored the region for centuries. First, they tried to use the area as a route to overrun Egypt. Later, Cyrenacia became an abundant Greek fishing area. Seeing that no one had colonized the only port in North Africa the Greeks took better management of the land. Now that the Romans were in power the region continued to flourish for several hundred years, and the inhabitants escalated. When the empire was growing weaker, the Romans lost control of North Africa. The next groups in Libya were the Vandals, who came from an area that is now occupied by Germany. Their minds were fascinated by North Africa’s wealth, so they arrived in the area in about 435. Among the invaders, the Vandals made the first serious effort to settle in some of Libya’s mountains and desert areas. But the nomadic people who resided in the regions often fought them off. The Vandals lost authority after about a century of decree. When the Arabs arrived in 643, they brought the new religion of Islam with them. The people in the region quickly adopted Islam but they resisted Arab political rule. Within four hundred years most people in Libya were Muslims. The Aghlabids were amongst the most thoughtful Islamic leaders of Libya; the area was back in order, and reinstated the irrigation systems that the Romans left back, which brought opulence to the region from the surplus being produced. A minor colonization was by Spain in 1510 when they captured Tripoli but soon the Ottoman Empire took over all of Libya. Like all the other groups that had invaded Libya, the Ottomans faced the resistance of the Libyan people. The Libyans â€Å"were proud and did not easily accept foreign rule† (Willis 50). Throughout history, groups of Libyan rebels often tried to resist the invaders. Many of the opposition leaders had ties to a religious organization called the Sansui Brotherhood. As the Ottomans lost grip of their colony, the Italians moved in. Italy had major reasons for colonizing Libya. First of all, Italy thought that if they had control over Tripoli, they would have greater trading power in the Mediterranean Sea. Also Italy just wanted to have the feel for having a colony in North Africa. Another major reason was the fact that the British already had control over Egypt and so Italy feared that France would seek after Libya. After months of engaging in warfare against the invading Italian forces, the Ottomans finally gave up their colonized land of Libya in 1911. When Italy decided to enter WWI on the side of the allies, this move weakened Italy’s grip on Libya in 1915 because they couldn’t focus against the rebellions in Libya while trying to help the Allis win WWI. Some of the things they did to ease the rebellions was in 1917, when â€Å"Italy signed a peace agreement with the leader of the Sanusi, Idris al-Sanusi, recognizing him as the emir of Cyrenaica† (Miller 32-33). But when fascist dictator, Benito Mussolini’s rose to power in Italy in 1922 he gave Italy its willpower to gain control over their colony once again. Libya was not finally freed from Italian rule until 1943, when Italy was crushed in WWII. After the war, the UN decided that Libya should become a constitutional monarchy and in 1951 the Kingdom of Libya was officially formed. The national assembly elected Libya’s first king, Muhammad Idris al-Sanusi, who had been a leader of the Libyan resistance movement against Italy. After decades of monarchy, Libyans are again fighting for their independence and freedom even though they became independent in 1951. They are now in an internal struggle against a tyrannical government. The country’s dictator Muammar Gaddafi, once revered as a great colonel has promised not to leave his reign of terror until he dies. With the help of other countries the Libyan people are achieving the true freedom that every person in this world is entitled to. How to cite The History and Colonization of Libya and it’sIndependence, Papers

Financial Market Volatility Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.co

Question: Discuss about the Financial Market Volatility. Answer: During the 1980s and 1990s a number of countries have taken steps to facilitate domesticand cross-border trading in marketable financial instruments. During the same period there have beenmajor advances in technology which, together with the development in financial techniques andhedging instruments, have significantly increased the integration of financial markets. (Tan, 2015) These changes have, undoubtedly, improved the global allocation of financial capital.However, there is also a perception that the volatility of financial asset prices has risen, or perhaps hasfailed to decline, as might have been expected in the more stable inflation environment compared withthe early 1980s. If true, this would be surprising and raises important questions with regard to both themeasurement of volatility and its causes, in particular the effects of such factors as deregulation,internationalization of portfolio management, the use of new hedging instruments and macroeconomicpolicies. In turn, a possible rise in financial asset price volatility might have macro- andmicroeconomic consequences if there were to be effects on the allocation of financial resources andthe stability of financial markets. Such implications might call for policy responses. (Bebczuk, 2013) Since last summer volatility in many financial markets has picked up and there have been a number of short lived episodes of extreme volatility and impaired market liquidity. Implied volatilities have risen and in a number of the cases that can be shown have returned to around pre crisis levels. Moreover, longer term measures of volatility have generally increased alongside shorter term measures, as plotted charts can depict 2 year implied volatilities alongside 3 month volatilities. (Valdez, 2015) The public has also witnessed some very large moves in financial markets over the past six months. Here, it is important to draw on two examples which include the 15 October increase in US Treasury yields following the publication of unexpectedly weak US retail sales data, and the 15 January appreciation of the Swiss franc following the SNBs decision to remove its peg to the euro. The events had different drivers, but there are some common themes that would be drawn out. (Honeygold, 2012) What unites the 15 October and 15 January episodes is that the immediate intraday reaction to the news was unprecedented. The intraday change in 10 Year US bond yields was 37 bps, with most of this move happening within just an hour of the data release. The intraday range represented nearly eight standard deviations, exceeding the price moves that happened immediately following the collapse of Lehman Brothers. On 15 January, the Swiss franc appreciated by 14%. The intraday range was several times that number, and market participants continue to debate the highest traded value of the franc on the day. (Cohen, 2013) Such events could imply that a number of major asset markets may have become more sensitive to news, so that a given shock causes greater volatility. A number of recent statistical studies also imply this conclusion, suggesting that these recent episodes are a part of a broader pattern, even if they were exceptional in their scale. Some drawn charts, using the output of a model estimated by Bank staff, is representative of the statistical analysis just referred to. The charts compare the estimated impact on UK equity and corporate debt asset price volatility of a given price shock in the post crisis period relative to the pre crisis period. Post crisis, both corporate debt volatility and equity market volatility appear to have become more responsive to a given price shock. This pattern is also apparent when the model is applied to a number of other important asset markets, including for example US listed equities. (Duffy, 2013) Liquidity was clearly affected on each of 15 October and 15 January. Measures of trading volumes, which provide one metric of liquidity, were reportedly high on both days for most affected markets. But the ability of market participants to trade without affecting prices, or in some cases, to trade at all, was clearly very limited at various points on these days. The intraday loss of liquidity was probably even starker on 15 January, from what we can tell, with widespread feedback that foreign exchange trading platforms stopped quoting Swiss francs for periods of time, while liquidity in the Swiss fixed income market was all but lost on the day and remained impaired for a few days. The performance of the US Treasury market was also materially affected on each of these days, such that much smaller trades than normal moved prices. (Hussain. 2016) But in each of these cases there were stabilizing forces that meant volatility subsided and liquidity returned relatively quickly. In the case of the 15 October event, what had been a crowded trade was pushed so far from prices viewed as justified by fundamentals that market participants were willing to provide support to the market. Similarly there was a reappraisal of the fundamentally justified level of the Swiss franc in the days that followed the removal of the peg, following public comments by the SNB. (Duffy, 2013) Volatility declined, if not all the way back to the pre news level, relatively quickly following these initial spikes. This is most true of the15 October episode: the implied volatility of 10 year interest rate swaps retraced about half of its upward move after two days, and was back to pre October 15th levels within just two weeks. This quick stabilization helped to limit contagion to other markets. (Fabozzi, 2015) Neither the increase in baseline volatility, nor the recent episodes that have been described, in of themselves materially affected stability in the United Kingdom. Basically, the question becomes what lessons can be learnt? Why have volatility and liquidity evolved in this way? And is there an important fact about it? (Avellaneda, 2011) Starting with the Why? market intelligence suggests that uncertainty surrounding the global outlook has been one factor; itself in no small part a consequence of the unexpected rough halving in the price of oil since last summer. This uncertainty can be seen in the recent increase in the dispersion of economists forecasts for inflation in the US, UK and euro area during 2015. (Banks, 2013) Central banks themselves have reacted to the changed global outlook and monetary policy makers have been active in recent months. Indeed, so far this year 24 central banks have cut their policy rates. Moreover, the decisions by the ECB and three other central banks since last summer to set negative policy rates have raised questions about where the lower bound for monetary policy exists. Clearly the answer is no longer as simple as just above zero for all central banks. And those decisions are raising questions about how markets work when negative rates persist several years down the yield curve. The combination of this macroeconomic news and central bank action means the assumed known of low for long (but positive) policy rates which market participants could cite as little as a year ago has been replaced by a less than certain landscape, helping to explain why baseline volatility has picked up since last summer. (Riles, 2014) But while this increase in macroeconomic uncertainty and central bank activity can explain some of the general increase in the level of volatility, it cannot explain the severity of events such as 15 October or 15 January. To explain these events we probably need to look elsewhere. The obvious place to turn to is market structure, given that FICC markets, which rely on intermediaries to make markets and warehouse risk, are going through considerable change. (Voit, 2015) Here, two important points can be highlighted which are contributing themes noted by market participants in the Fair and Effective Markets Review, both related to the provision of liquidity. First, market makers have become more reluctant to commit capital to warehousing risk. During the market intelligence conversations some have suggested that this reflects a combination of reduced risk tolerance since the financial crisis, and the impact of regulation designed to improve the resilience of the financial system. (Shiller, 2016) This reduction in market making capacity has been associated with increased concentration in many FICC markets, as firms have been more discriminating about the markets which they make, or the clients they serve. This trend has gone hand in hand with a growth in assets under management by the buy side community. The combination has served to amplify the implications of reduced risk warehousing capacity of the intermediary sector relative to the provision of liquidity from market makers during times of market stress relative to the past. That said, a comparison between the market liquidity of today and that of pre-crisis can be made. One does not need a long memory to recall the impact of under pricing liquidity risk on the highly leveraged market makers. Returning to such a situation would be a misplaced aspiration. (Schwartz, 2012) Electronic platforms are now increasingly used across the various FICC markets. In some cases regulation has been the cause but in others, such as foreign exchange markets, firms have over a number of years increasingly embraced electronic forms of trading. This includes using request for quote platforms to automate processes previously carried out by phone. Electronic platforms are effective in pooling liquidity in normal times but may have the potential, at least as currently calibrated and given todays level of competition, to contribute to discontinuous pricing in periods of stress if circuit breakers result in platforms shutting down. There has been much commentary about the temporary unavailability of a number of electronic trading platforms in the immediate aftermath of the removal of the Swiss franc peg. (Poon, 2015) Financial markets have told the world what they think of the election of Donald Trump as US president and it is not good. Global stocks, both the futures and in the physical market, started to weaken when the votes started hinting that Trump might get close. They tanked when it was clear Trump would probably win. (Do?pke, 2014) There was extreme market volatility as the updated tally of votes were posted minute by minute but with an average fall of around 4% (at the time of writing), the value of global stocks has already dropped around US$3tn in value. US stock futures fell around 4.5%, throughout Europe and the UK stocks are down around 4% to 5%, while Japan is down over 5%. These numbers are fluid, but the verdict and direction are clear. (James, 2011) This market reaction reflects the fear and uncertainty surrounding how president Trump will run the economy, frame the budget and operate on the international stage. As has been well analyzed, there are irreconcilable differences in the economic policy aims of Trump lower taxes and a smaller deficit do not go together, as an example. (Kettell, 2012) Make America Great Again, the slogan from the Trump campaign, involves the US raising barriers to international trade in an effort to protect US industry. If Trump follows through and works to restrict trade, especially with China where the US runs a huge trade deficit, there is a genuine threat that the global economy will stall, perhaps falling back into recession. The decades of productivity and income benefits from strong global trade risk coming to an end. Periods of weak global trade are inevitably associated with sluggish growth, stalled productivity and falling living standards. (Valdez, 2015) To think that other countries will not retaliate against the US with their own trade restrictions is to ignore history. There seems little doubt that US multinationals and exporters have as much, if not more, to lose more than the protected industries in the US will gain. The world economy will be weaker as a result of Trumps policy agenda. (Tan, 2015) If the Chinese economy, which is the trading powerhouse of the world, suffers from a slump in global trade, the fallout will be far and wide. Commodity markets will falter, the services sector will weaken and countries that have significant economic links to China will obviously be under pressure. There will be a shock that will be felt around the world. (Duffy, 2013) Financial markets know this, which accounts for the price action in stock markets in the wake of the election result. The other part of the market reaction has been in the bond market where yields have plummeted as they usually do when risk of recession increases. Investors have aggressively sold stocks and moved it into the relative security of the bond market. The US Federal Reserve, which was on the brink of hiking interest rates on the back of an improving economy, is now likely to sit until it sees the fallout from the election result at least according to market pricing. Indeed, some smart money is pricing in a risk that the Fed will have to ease monetary policy into 2017 in reaction to a weaker economy. (Bebczuk, 2013) Global interest rates and bond yields have followed this lead as the inevitable global economic slowdown is set to unfold. Expect central banks around the bulk of the world to implement easier monetary policy in the months ahead. If the financial markets are correct, a Trump presidency will be bad for economic growth and bad for global trade. The markets might be wrong. Sometimes they overreact to news events. As a result, there could be a market rebound when the dust of the election result settles and the policy reality confronts Trump, including dealing with the tensions within Congress, even though the Republicans will control both houses. Perhaps some of the policy proposals will not be delivered. Clearly it is too early to call. (Honeygold, 2012) References Avellaneda, M. (2011). Quantitative analysis in financial markets: Collected papers of the New York University MathematicalFinance Seminar, v.2. Singapore: World Scientific Publ. Banks, F. E. (2013).Global finance and financial markets: A modern introduction. Singapore: World Scientific. Bebczuk, R. N. (2013). Asymmetric information in financial markets: Introduction and applications. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press. Cohen, J. (2013). Financial Markets. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Do?pke, J., Pierdzioch, C. (2014). Financial market volatility and inflation uncertainty: An empirical investigation. Kiel: Kiel Institute of World Economics. Duffy, D. J., Germani, A. (2013). C? for financial markets. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley Sons. Fabozzi, F. J. (2015). Handbook of Finance: Financial Markets and Instruments. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Honeygold, D. (2012). International financial markets. New York: Nichols Pub. Co. Hussain, A. (2016). Managing operational risk in financial markets. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. James, W. T. (2011). Financial market volatility: A symposium. Kansas City, Mo.: Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City. Kettell, B. (2012). Economics for financial markets. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Poon, S.-H. (2015). A practical guide for forecasting financial market volatility. Chichester: Wiley. Riles, A. (2014). Collateral knowledge: Legal reasoning in the global financial markets. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Schwartz, R. A. (2012). Volatility. New York: Springer. Shiller, R. J. (2016). Market volatility. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. Tan, C. H. (2015). Financial markets and institutions in Singapore. Singapore: Singapore University Press. Valdez, S. (2015). Introduction to Global Financial Markets. Palgrave Macmillan. Voit, J. (2015). The statistical mechanics of financial markets. Berlin: Springer.